Source assertions are not new attribution claims. No sole inventor or transitive actor-CVE inference.
{
  "record": {
    "id": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
    "title": "Browser Extensions",
    "type": "Subtechnique",
    "source_url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176/001",
    "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
    "status": "active",
    "rights": "Source metadata only; source notices retained; no operational prose or payloads",
    "review_status": "machine-extracted; source-specific checks passed, editorial review pending",
    "stix_id": "attack-pattern--278716b1-61ce-4a74-8d17-891d0c494101",
    "external_id": "T1176.001",
    "domain": "enterprise",
    "created": "2025-03-30T22:12:27.799Z",
    "modified": "2025-09-22T17:00:42.545Z",
    "version": "1.1",
    "aliases": [

    ],
    "tactics": [
      "persistence"
    ],
    "source_references": [
      {
        "source_name": "Pulsedive",
        "url": "https://blog.pulsedive.com/rilide-an-information-stealing-browser-extension/"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Chrome Extension Crypto Miner",
        "url": "https://www.ghacks.net/2017/09/19/first-chrome-extension-with-javascript-crypto-miner-detected/"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "xorrior chrome extensions macOS",
        "url": "https://www.xorrior.com/No-Place-Like-Chrome/"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Chrome Extensions Definition",
        "url": "https://developer.chrome.com/extensions"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "ICEBRG Chrome Extensions",
        "url": "https://www.icebrg.io/blog/malicious-chrome-extensions-enable-criminals-to-impact-over-half-a-million-users-and-global-businesses"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Malicious Chrome Extension Numbers",
        "url": "https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/43824.pdf"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Chrome Extension C2 Malware",
        "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240608001937/https://kjaer.io/extension-malware/"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Catch All Chrome Extension",
        "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/CatchAll+Google+Chrome+Malicious+Extension+Steals+All+Posted+Data/22976/https:/threatpost.com/malicious-chrome-extension-steals-data-posted-to-any-website/128680/)"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Banker Google Chrome Extension Steals Creds",
        "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/BankerGoogleChromeExtensiontargetingBrazil/22722/"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Browser Adrozek",
        "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/12/10/widespread-malware-campaign-seeks-to-silently-inject-ads-into-search-results-affects-multiple-browsers/"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Browers FriarFox",
        "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/uk/blog/threat-insight/ta413-leverages-new-friarfox-browser-extension-target-gmail-accounts-global"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Stantinko Botnet",
        "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/07/20/stantinko-massive-adware-campaign-operating-covertly-since-2012/"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Wikipedia Browser Extension",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_extension"
      }
    ]
  },
  "assertions": [
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--08dea09a-e7f5-4e6d-a142-73548f6f1498",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:M1033",
      "predicate": "mitigates",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--08dea09a-e7f5-4e6d-a142-73548f6f1498",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:05.915Z",
      "references": [

      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--0e686457-461d-496b-b838-dc8ca57a9f32",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:M1047",
      "predicate": "mitigates",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--0e686457-461d-496b-b838-dc8ca57a9f32",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:05.923Z",
      "references": [

      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--36fe0753-6883-456e-9bb0-4c46995ec36b",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:S1122",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--36fe0753-6883-456e-9bb0-4c46995ec36b",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:05.995Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "ESET Security Mispadu Facebook Ads 2019",
          "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/11/19/mispadu-advertisement-discounted-unhappy-meal/"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--4c142924-33e7-4920-b1c7-9259d08fbb6e",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:G0094",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--4c142924-33e7-4920-b1c7-9259d08fbb6e",
      "modified": "2026-07-31T20:48:24.788Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "Netscout Stolen Pencil Dec 2018",
          "url": "https://asert.arbornetworks.com/stolen-pencil-campaign-targets-academia/"
        },
        {
          "source_name": "Zdnet Kimsuky Dec 2018",
          "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/cyber-espionage-group-uses-chrome-extension-to-infect-victims/"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--5b5b5650-916b-4519-8cbd-da90589fe7b6",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:S0402",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--5b5b5650-916b-4519-8cbd-da90589fe7b6",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.050Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "Malwarebytes Crossrider Apr 2018",
          "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2018/04/new-crossrider-variant-installs-configuration-profiles-on-macs/"
        },
        {
          "source_name": "Intego Shlayer Apr 2018",
          "url": "https://www.intego.com/mac-security-blog/new-osxshlayer-malware-variant-found-using-a-dirty-new-trick/"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--68e1b510-a985-467a-b3b6-03d5493e9b59",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:M1051",
      "predicate": "mitigates",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--68e1b510-a985-467a-b3b6-03d5493e9b59",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.068Z",
      "references": [

      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--8b05c779-8401-4c2f-a652-dc1ff91f34cd",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:S1213",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--8b05c779-8401-4c2f-a652-dc1ff91f34cd",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.115Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "Cybereason LumaStealer Undated",
          "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/threat-analysis-rise-of-lummastealer"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--92d003b2-8684-42d8-8a3e-25056ad291b4",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:S1201",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--92d003b2-8684-42d8-8a3e-25056ad291b4",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.125Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "Zscaler Kimsuky TRANSLATEXT",
          "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/kimsuky-deploys-translatext-target-south-korean-academia#technical-analysis"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--a09c5b62-cd6f-40e4-b614-99b3f29de0f5",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:S0531",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--a09c5b62-cd6f-40e4-b614-99b3f29de0f5",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.144Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "IBM Grandoreiro April 2020",
          "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/grandoreiro-malware-now-targeting-banks-in-spain/"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--b7366815-256b-4e67-839a-1eb9aba03721",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:S0482",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--b7366815-256b-4e67-839a-1eb9aba03721",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.175Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "MacKeeper Bundlore Apr 2019",
          "url": "https://mackeeper.com/blog/post/610-macos-bundlore-adware-analysis/"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--bef3018a-1a38-4d1f-83ae-094f6c18f2a4",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:M1017",
      "predicate": "mitigates",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--bef3018a-1a38-4d1f-83ae-094f6c18f2a4",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.186Z",
      "references": [

      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--e13f1e41-fc5c-4cd3-ad6b-62bc597c959a",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:M1038",
      "predicate": "mitigates",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--e13f1e41-fc5c-4cd3-ad6b-62bc597c959a",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.232Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "Technospot Chrome Extensions GP",
          "url": "http://www.technospot.net/blogs/block-chrome-extensions-using-google-chrome-group-policy-settings/"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--fc046f12-3a4e-431a-a560-add616f90138",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176.001",
      "predicate": "subtechnique-of",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1176",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--fc046f12-3a4e-431a-a560-add616f90138",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.267Z",
      "references": [

      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    }
  ],
  "source_snapshot": {
    "file": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
    "sha256": "81113ba98afa2928f3dcff62022539f7ce30c315c32e14422f11ff95ce534352",
    "bytes": 55271014,
    "checked_at": "2026-10-16T03:31:39Z"
  },
  "notices_url": "https://aol.pm/source-notices.txt",
  "notices": "License\n-------\nThe MITRE Corporation (MITRE) hereby grants you a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use ATT&CK® for research,\ndevelopment, and commercial purposes. Any copy you make for such purposes is authorized provided that you reproduce\nMITRE's copyright designation and this license in any such copy.\n\n\"© 2026 The MITRE Corporation. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of The MITRE Corporation.\"\n\nDisclaimers\n-----------\nMITRE does not claim ATT&CK enumerates all possibilities for the types of actions and behaviors documented as part\nof its adversary model and framework of techniques. Using the information contained within ATT&CK to address or cover\nfull categories of techniques will not guarantee full defensive coverage as there may be undisclosed techniques or\nvariations on existing techniques not documented by ATT&CK.\n\nALL DOCUMENTS AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED THEREIN ARE PROVIDED ON AN \"AS IS\" BASIS AND THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE\nORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE MITRE CORPORATION, ITS BOARD OF TRUSTEES, OFFICERS,\nAGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES, DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT\nTHE USE OF THE INFORMATION THEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR\nFITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.\n"
}

License
-------
The MITRE Corporation (MITRE) hereby grants you a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use ATT&CK® for research,
development, and commercial purposes. Any copy you make for such purposes is authorized provided that you reproduce
MITRE's copyright designation and this license in any such copy.

"© 2026 The MITRE Corporation. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of The MITRE Corporation."

Disclaimers
-----------
MITRE does not claim ATT&CK enumerates all possibilities for the types of actions and behaviors documented as part
of its adversary model and framework of techniques. Using the information contained within ATT&CK to address or cover
full categories of techniques will not guarantee full defensive coverage as there may be undisclosed techniques or
variations on existing techniques not documented by ATT&CK.

ALL DOCUMENTS AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED THEREIN ARE PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS AND THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE
ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE MITRE CORPORATION, ITS BOARD OF TRUSTEES, OFFICERS,
AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES, DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT
THE USE OF THE INFORMATION THEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.