Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol
Technique · ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
Attributed source ↗ · Plaintext record · Complete record and assertions JSON
Inspect structured metadata and provenance
{
"id": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1048",
"title": "Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol",
"type": "Technique",
"source_url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048",
"snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
"status": "active",
"rights": "Source metadata only; source notices retained; no operational prose or payloads",
"review_status": "machine-extracted; source-specific checks passed, editorial review pending",
"stix_id": "attack-pattern--a19e86f8-1c0a-4fea-8407-23b73d615776",
"external_id": "T1048",
"domain": "enterprise",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:44.720Z",
"modified": "2026-09-03T19:46:48.106Z",
"version": "1.6",
"aliases": [
],
"tactics": [
"exfiltration"
],
"source_references": [
{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1408.1136"
},
{
"source_name": "Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016",
"url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/10/unit42-oilrig-malware-campaign-updates-toolset-and-expands-targets/"
},
{
"source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
"url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
}
]
}Explicit source assertions (18)
First 80 shown here; the complete set is in this record’s JSON and plaintext. Each relationship retains its source and locator. No inferred relationships are added.
ATTACK:enterprise:S0482 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--0c994569-1793-4d11-821e-bbf7c6c98278
20 macOS Common Tools and TechniquesATTACK:enterprise:S0428 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--1b29f7b8-78fe-4bae-b943-59641a12a023
Talos PoetRAT April 2020ATTACK:enterprise:G1040 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--231ed92a-eb30-453c-b808-495807e54857
CISA Play Ransomware Advisory December 2023 · Trend Micro Ransomware Spotlight Play July 2023ATTACK:enterprise:M1030 → mitigates → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--4867dbb4-1e1b-45f6-9070-8e2c0c303638
TechNet Firewall DesignATTACK:enterprise:G0139 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--4e73a249-94d5-4a52-9da4-a89da10d1c30
Cisco Talos Intelligence GroupATTACK:enterprise:S0631 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--682b7ced-a03b-4403-a058-9bc627c62f16
Cybereason Chaes Nov 2020ATTACK:enterprise:T1048.002 → subtechnique-of → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--6b9361fc-6a9e-4fc3-bc53-72a3f616869a
ATTACK:enterprise:M1057 → mitigates → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--6c1c4fa3-7b48-4d9e-ab23-5f0c5dd4e98a
ATTACK:enterprise:M1037 → mitigates → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--6eec2d79-1d59-459d-af33-b186ece9748b
ATTACK:enterprise:T1048.003 → subtechnique-of → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--76d837ed-157b-44e0-a6bf-189ffc3239c3
ATTACK:enterprise:M1031 → mitigates → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--7bdcd3e6-f741-4f62-9495-3111309adad8
ATTACK:enterprise:S0503 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--8f064578-a664-4d9e-a907-ec85ef5839b0
SentinelOne FrameworkPOS September 2019ATTACK:enterprise:S0641 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--91cd43d9-17cb-41d3-b62d-4b79030f4384
ESET Kobalos Jan 2021ATTACK:enterprise:T1048.001 → subtechnique-of → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--9238d096-ed26-4a93-829e-d67ee3abc93c
ATTACK:enterprise:S0203 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--c5a0e330-ec5a-49cc-95b8-b7a5c49bd500
Symantec Hydraq Jan 2010ATTACK:enterprise:M1022 → mitigates → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--e5ad94e4-f136-44d7-8000-7dd607538a7c
ATTACK:enterprise:M1018 → mitigates → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--f52e6fb6-754b-4b48-ab5b-eff0e6233d7d
Amazon S3 Security, 2019 · Amazon AWS Temporary Security Credentials · Microsoft Azure Storage Security, 2019ATTACK:enterprise:S0677 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1048
MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.
Assertion source · Locator: relationship--fc2c7ee8-31f1-49f6-afd5-69443db69ab7
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