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Technique · ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

Attributed source ↗ · Plaintext record · Complete record and assertions JSON

Inspect structured metadata and provenance
{
  "id": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1102",
  "title": "Web Service",
  "type": "Technique",
  "source_url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102",
  "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
  "status": "active",
  "rights": "Source metadata only; source notices retained; no operational prose or payloads",
  "review_status": "machine-extracted; source-specific checks passed, editorial review pending",
  "stix_id": "attack-pattern--830c9528-df21-472c-8c14-a036bf17d665",
  "external_id": "T1102",
  "domain": "enterprise",
  "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.915Z",
  "modified": "2026-09-03T19:46:46.483Z",
  "version": "1.3",
  "aliases": [

  ],
  "tactics": [
    "command-and-control"
  ],
  "source_references": [
    {
      "source_name": "Broadcom BirdyClient Microsoft Graph API 2024",
      "url": "https://www.broadcom.com/support/security-center/protection-bulletin/birdyclient-malware-leverages-microsoft-graph-api-for-c-c-communication"
    },
    {
      "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1408.1136"
    }
  ]
}

Explicit source assertions (56)

First 80 shown here; the complete set is in this record’s JSON and plaintext. Each relationship retains its source and locator. No inferred relationships are added.

ATTACK:enterprise:C0040 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--0068ce6b-d7da-4e08-acd6-5fabebc2bf88

Google Cloud APT41 2024

ATTACK:enterprise:S1147 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--01e1f755-740d-4744-ac81-4f6300b6c857

ESET EvasivePanda 2024 · Symantec Daggerfly 2024

ATTACK:enterprise:S1160 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--0435981c-4e1c-483f-8eb0-6586179e9c23

Palo Alto Latrodectus Activity June 2024

ATTACK:enterprise:C0027 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--08f2da07-4e03-46bd-a3d9-c79ef7dd9a45

Crowdstrike TELCO BPO Campaign December 2022

ATTACK:enterprise:G1039 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--133dc9d4-f21b-40eb-be0c-6ea82fed2bef

group-ib_redcurl1 · group-ib_redcurl2

ATTACK:enterprise:G0100 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--16d59476-9fff-413f-9dbe-5c9e43c3860d

Kaspersky Cloud Atlas December 2014 · Symantec Inception Framework March 2018

ATTACK:enterprise:S1086 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--1b40e3b0-a862-4c79-a8e6-a008e71f6028

Morphisec Snip3 May 2021

ATTACK:enterprise:S1130 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--1ebc8fee-78fd-4570-9fcd-060f4213b202

HP RaspberryRobin 2024

ATTACK:enterprise:S0335 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--1ef0015d-f4ab-49fe-a5b2-89e601ea5cfa

Accenture HyperStack October 2020

ATTACK:enterprise:G1055 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--1f353039-ceda-4477-8fb5-71742102c89b

DOJ FBI Handala Hack March 2026 · FBI IC3 Flash VOID MANTICORE Handala Hack March 2026

ATTACK:enterprise:S9019 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--2065dfc0-837a-4ff0-a929-420d9fa8b2a1

Zscaler PureCrypter JUN 2022

ATTACK:enterprise:G0106 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--29552ed5-ecfd-4a97-a6c9-d6da25181e1a

Anomali Rocke March 2019 · Talos Rocke August 2018

ATTACK:enterprise:S9031 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--2b39f6fb-691a-41ba-ae56-9c2ec45b70d0

Palo Alto Ashen Lepus DEC 2025

ATTACK:enterprise:M1031 → mitigates → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--3024f916-b25c-4dd8-aab3-4d681b335da1

ATTACK:enterprise:T1102.003 → subtechnique-of → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--343f8f2b-39d1-48cb-8787-3a6eeab3ddf9

ATTACK:enterprise:S0635 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--3614b421-b869-4b33-a979-0c09f0bc275f

MSTIC Nobelium Toolset May 2021

ATTACK:enterprise:C0064 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--37c90c95-309c-43f9-aa12-67552d0e8c5c

AI-Mexico-Govt-Breach

ATTACK:enterprise:S0546 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--3a200957-9a8b-407e-a23f-cea1ef8236e6

Cybereason Molerats Dec 2020

ATTACK:enterprise:C0005 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--3bdacd96-1c94-4af2-b0b3-d44542c31ccd

ESET Operation Spalax Jan 2021

ATTACK:enterprise:S9044 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--3d27e5a2-523b-4ddf-bdaa-49c44560e802

Artic Wolf Labs Kali365 Device Code April 2026 · Artic Wolf Kali365 Device Code OAuth June 2026 · FBI IC3 Alert I-052126 Kali365 May 2026 · SpyCloud Kali365 June 2026

ATTACK:enterprise:G0037 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--41ba13d1-5681-402e-a847-08b7e7b12f42

FireEye FIN6 Apr 2019

ATTACK:enterprise:S0649 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--49543c25-bc04-49ba-820e-aa45546c414f

FireEye Shining A Light on DARKSIDE May 2021

ATTACK:enterprise:G0140 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--4e348b41-b607-4227-8734-06ef01d40f27

MalwareBytes LazyScripter Feb 2021

ATTACK:enterprise:T1102.001 → subtechnique-of → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--508dfa9b-e98a-4fb7-a34b-b74a3a7446d9

ATTACK:enterprise:S0547 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--54e5545a-6fdc-4bfe-af74-2c80416ed936

Cybereason Molerats Dec 2020 · BleepingComputer Molerats Dec 2020

ATTACK:enterprise:S1039 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--63b1af38-765d-4181-add0-dbd3f31941ff

Proofpoint Bumblebee April 2022

ATTACK:enterprise:G0061 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--68a9519f-c65a-451e-9126-5946ac6844c6

Bitdefender FIN8 July 2021

ATTACK:enterprise:S1178 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--74ab1575-0934-4344-bfa7-7cf97015d5c5

Kaspersky ShrinkLocker 2024

ATTACK:enterprise:S0601 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--81fcae09-a738-4922-9553-aad21e2b940b

Unit 42 Hildegard Malware

ATTACK:enterprise:S1240 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--870704bf-fa76-413b-a529-b95bbca48771

Proofpoint RedLine Stealer March 2020 · Splunk RedLine Stealer June 2023

ATTACK:enterprise:G1011 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--9094f15c-c60c-4366-8c1b-22f21e1156b8

Google EXOTIC LILY March 2022

ATTACK:enterprise:M1021 → mitigates → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--970635e8-9767-4654-b6ff-e1cd12bc206e

ATTACK:enterprise:S1081 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--9f3ded7a-feef-4180-b89c-baca3c08f96c

BitDefender BADHATCH Mar 2021

ATTACK:enterprise:S0589 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--9ffd4ba1-1114-4df9-875c-14cacda87b21

MSTIC NOBELIUM Mar 2021

ATTACK:enterprise:S0198 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--a23f92a2-b88c-4cb0-b028-1883a5a38377

FireEye NETWIRE March 2019

ATTACK:enterprise:S0674 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--a99df039-f5ee-4060-b3ba-b1224acee970

Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022

ATTACK:enterprise:S0689 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--b0fee298-25cc-450d-ab7e-a7430c6b3f02

Cisco Ukraine Wipers January 2022 · Crowdstrike WhisperGate January 2022 · Unit 42 WhisperGate January 2022 · Microsoft WhisperGate January 2022 · Medium S2W WhisperGate January 2022

ATTACK:enterprise:S0508 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--b110013b-35e5-470e-9e17-470c7071fa80

Zdnet Ngrok September 2018

ATTACK:enterprise:S1066 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--b14227d3-b032-482d-a19a-6dcdc0f10c9c

Secureworks DarkTortilla Aug 2022

ATTACK:enterprise:G1044 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--b1eec91d-73d9-421d-b271-c7e1753a0c1e

TAG APT42 · Mandiant APT42-charms · Mandiant APT42-untangling

ATTACK:enterprise:S0600 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--b94f2e1a-a364-4bf1-af63-f9ce2b7de89b

Intezer Doki July 20

ATTACK:enterprise:T1102.002 → subtechnique-of → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--bbddae2e-69d5-4b4f-a091-42d12075e007

ATTACK:enterprise:S1221 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--bc7896a1-8be2-403b-b31d-b7d66104999d

Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024

ATTACK:enterprise:S1063 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--c1b5996f-e0f9-4986-9ee1-c5c9dc85d8e5

Palo Alto Brute Ratel July 2022

ATTACK:enterprise:S1149 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--c313b2dd-2f30-408d-aeef-59e41ef38927

Mandiant ROADSWEEP August 2022

ATTACK:enterprise:S9015 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--c6534574-cd90-4390-810d-0392c460e9f8

Google BRICKSTORM September 2025

ATTACK:enterprise:S0561 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--cebec7e0-7be7-4bcf-936f-bd7622d559c7

Medium Eli Salem GuLoader April 2021

ATTACK:enterprise:G0117 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--d452da85-b408-458f-ad25-937605de4611

ClearSky Pay2Kitten December 2020

ATTACK:enterprise:S0534 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--d5f0ff09-374d-45f6-b7d8-45466bf0ecf0

Cybereason Bazar July 2020 · Zscaler Bazar September 2020

ATTACK:enterprise:G0010 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--e0e492ef-c67d-4a02-be8d-2e9a650ea6f0

Accenture HyperStack October 2020 · ESET Crutch December 2020

ATTACK:enterprise:G0129 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--eac3f09f-fdd0-4bbd-965b-4e22276f4021

IBM MUSTANG PANDA PUBLOAD CLAIMLOADER JUNE 2025 · Proofpoint TA416 Europe March 2022

ATTACK:enterprise:S1124 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--f68dea79-cd44-4791-bee1-e0650868bd28

SentinelOne SocGholish Infrastructure November 2022

ATTACK:enterprise:G0047 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--fa7887c3-d49d-4499-9ee4-f9a504ce7dec

ESET Gamaredon June 2020

ATTACK:enterprise:G0050 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--fdf8d947-f896-4797-9c6f-00b211a602a6

Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020

ATTACK:enterprise:C0017 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--ff4440ce-f6b6-4e59-9333-4f4a3b96a2e4

Mandiant APT41

ATTACK:enterprise:G0139 → uses → ATTACK:enterprise:T1102

MITRE ATT&CK: Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.

Assertion source · Locator: relationship--ff500c79-fa27-4fe3-a3c2-8c5d20031824

Cisco Talos Intelligence Group · Aqua TeamTNT August 2020

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